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The three most significant events in Greece in the 5th century BCE are:
A/ The first Persian - Greek war at 490 BCE - Persian leader Darius I who was defeated by the Greeks at the battle of Marathon by the army of the Athenians and Plataeans under the leadership of Miltiades.
B/ The second Persian - Greek war at 480 BCE - Persian leader Xerxes who had three battles with the Greeks at Artemisium an inconclusive battle at sea, the battle of Thermopylae where the Greeks were defeated and the battle of Salamis where the Persian fleet was destroyed.
These two events stopped the expansion of the Persian Empire to the west and most probably made possible the future developments in the area that lead to the modern civilization.
C/ Then Pericles becomes the ruler of Athens and reconstructs the Acropolis of Athens and Parthenon is build [447 - 438 BCE].
Philosophy, science, technology, arts and education reach new hights.
Then a long 30 years war took place [431 - 404 BCE] between Sparta and Athens and their allies in the Aegean and the Mediterranean seas [Sicily and South Italy].
This war is known as the Peloponnesian war that left both ruling cities [Athens and Sparta] weak and unable to defeat the new coming powers of Greece the Makedonians.
What else can I help you with?
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Athens and Sparta.
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