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At the beginning of the 1500s, there were three main countries in the Middle East: the Ottoman Sultanate (Turkey), the Safavid Empire (Iran, Iraq, and Azerbaijan), and the Mamluk Sultanate (Egypt, the Levant, and Hejaz). The remainder of the Arabian Peninsula was controlled by some Bedouin tribes and small/insignificant kingdoms, like Fartak and Oman. In 1517, the Ottoman Sultanate conquered the Mamluk Sultanate and acquired all of its territories.

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