Answer 1
British Mandate of Palestine.
Answer 2
The lack of a singular definition for what constitutes "Palestine" make the question difficult to answer. "Palestine" is typically interpreted one of two ways. The first way is to refer to all of the land in the British Mandate of Palestine which includes the Modern State of Israel (except for the Golan Heights), the Gaza Strip, and the West Bank. The second way is to refer to exclusively those territories which the Palestinian Authority claims will serve as a basis for a future Palestinian State: the West Bank and Gaza Strip.
The former British Mandate of Palestine, therefore, it currently occupied by three nations: the de jure legitimate State of Israel (78% of the former Mandate), the de jure legitimate State of Palestine (20% of the former Mandate) and located in the "West Bank", and the de jure illegitimate Hamas-controlled Gaza Strip (2% of the former Mandate).
Palestine in Jesus time was located where it is now, only it was not called Palestine then.
If you are referring to peasants of Ottoman and British Palestine, they were called Fellahin (فلاحين) which literally means "Peasants".
Diaspora.
Israel didn't exist in 1920. That area was called Palestine and was ruled by the British.
Currently, ARABIC is the dominant language in Palestine. Historically, depending on the century in question, there were other lingua francas in use.
Israel.
Zionists.
Th modern state of Israel which at the time was a country called Palestine.
They were called Mandates.
Antioch
The Balfour Declaration of November 1917 promised to establish a Jewish home (not homeland) in Palestine.
None of these. The home of the Hebrews was Israel. After the year 70 CE, when they were kicked out of Israel, The Romans renamed it "Palestine" (but the home of the Hebrews was never called Palestine).