formula of steel weight per sqm
you can generally use 180 degree hooks, to provide enough anchorage in slabs with no edge beams. use the Ldh formula (12.5.2) of ACI 318-11
Development length is the length overlap of bars tied to extend the reinforcement length. is about 50 times the dia of bar is consider to safe.
This is the additional length of steel of one structure required to be inserted in other at the junction. For example, main bars of beam in column at beam column junction, column bars in footing etc. The length requirement is similar to the lap length mentioned in previous question or as per the design instructions.
Lap length is the length overlap of bars tied to extend the reinforcement length.. Lap length about 50 times the diameter of the bar is considered safe. Laps of neighboring bar lengths should be staggered and should not be provided at one level/line. At one cross section, a maximum of 50% bars should be lapped.In case, required lap length is not available at junction because of space and other constraints, bars can be joined with couplers or welded (with correct choice of method of welding).
You replace them with the correct length bars, and hope never to make the same mistake again.
Nothing but strength of bars. more precisely tension strength. Generally standard grades like 250,415,500 N/mm2 available.
When you crank on the torsion bars you are changing their spring tension.
If it's a torsion bar suspension you can take the tension off of the bars by turning the bolts at the back end of the bars. NOT SUGGESTED.
The "term" is the length of time you are sentenced to serve behind bars.
50 dia
Reinforced concrete is made by placing steel bars in the tension zone of the beam x-section.
Concrete (like stone) is very strong in compression but breaks almost instantly in tension. It is also weak in response to side forces and twisting forces. Steel bars are very strong in tension but crumple and fold instantly in compression. By putting steel reinforcement bars in concrete and pretensioning the bars before the concrete hardens creates a composite material that is strong in both compression and tension (with each material supporting the other) and also improves the response to side forces and twisting forces.