What language most resembles Turkish?

Answer 1

Linguistically, Turkish is not closely related to French or Arabic, however because of close collaboration between the Turks and the French and the Arabs, there are a lot of "loan words" in Turkish from French and Arabic.

Linguistically Turkish is very closely related to Turkmen and related languages spoken in Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, Tajikistan and etc. Turkish is also closely related to Finnish insofar as it is to any agglutinative language (languages in which meanings are changed or added to by adding endings to verbs and nouns).

Turkish is not Indo-European like French, and Arabic is from the Semitic language grouping, also not Indo-European. Moreover, only 6% and 5% of the Turkish words are borrowed from Arabic and French, respectively.

Turkish grammar is incidentally similar to Japanese. Turkish is also distantly related to Finnish and Hungarian, all being members of the Ural-Altaic language family. However, Turkish has more in common with Azerbaijani, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tatar, Turkmen, Uighur and Uzbek, which are from the Altaic branch.

In common with other nations conquered/influenced by Islam, Turkish has some Arabic loan words, although a considerable number were replaced with Turkic words after WWI and the fall of the Ottoman regime. Besides, Turkish does not have any guttural sounds, so it does not sound like Arabic at all. There are still many loanwords from French.

Answer 2

Turkish is probably most similar to the Transcaucasian languages (Kazakh, Uzbek, Turkmen, etc.). It also has numerous loanwords from Arabic, French, and English, but is not related to any of them.