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Religious and political impact

Many of the Fulani led by Usman dan Fodio were

unhappy that the rulers of the Hausa states were

mingling Islam with aspects of the traditional

regional religion. Usman created a theocratic state

with a stricter interpretation of Islam. In Tanbih al-

ikhwan 'ala ahwal al-Sudan, he wrote: "As for the

sultans, they are undoubtedly unbelievers, even

though they may profess the religion of Islam,

because they practice polytheistic rituals and turn

people away from the path of God and raise the

flag of worldly kingdom above the banner of Islam.

All this is unbelief according to the consensus of

opinions."[6]

In Islam outside the Arab World, David Westerlund

wrote: "The jihad resulted in a federal theocratic

state, with extensive autonomy for emirates,

recognizing the spiritual authority of the caliph or

the sultan of Sokoto."[7]

Usman addressed in his books what he saw as the

flaws and demerits of the African non-Muslim or

nominally Muslim rulers. Some of the accusations

made by him were corruption on various levels of

the administration along with injustice regarding

ordinary people's rights. Usman also criticized the

heavy taxation and obstruction created in the

business and trade of the Hausa states by the legal

system.

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