1270
Saladin destroyed Christian Crusader forces in Jerusalem ~Iridian(:
Jerusalem fell to Muslim forces under Saladin.
Pope Urban II encouraged European Christians to take the Holy Land and Jerusalem from Muslim forces. In a speech at the Council of Clermont in 1095, he called for the First Crusade, urging knights and nobles to reclaim the sacred sites for Christianity. His appeal was rooted in a desire to aid the Byzantine Empire and to promote Christian unity against a common enemy. The ensuing crusade led to a series of military campaigns aimed at capturing Jerusalem.
the Mongols.
They create centripetal forces that unite European countries
Jerusalem was historically defended against the Saracens by various forces, notably during the Crusades. The most famous defense was led by Christian leaders such as Godfrey of Bouillon and later Richard the Lionheart during the Third Crusade. Local Christian militias, as well as European crusaders, played crucial roles in the city's defense against Muslim forces, which included prominent leaders like Saladin. The ongoing conflicts over Jerusalem reflect its significance to both Christian and Muslim faiths.
Jerusalem fell to Muslim forces under Saladin.
Libya is fighting with European forces.
When the Second Crusade ended, the European Christians lost control of the Holy Land (Jerusalem).
The three European kings who led the Third Crusade were Richard I of England, Philip II of France, and Frederick I Barbarossa of the Holy Roman Empire. They joined forces in 1189 to reclaim Jerusalem from Saladin, the Muslim leader. Despite their cooperation, the campaign was marked by internal conflicts and disagreements among the kings. Ultimately, the crusade achieved some military successes but fell short of capturing Jerusalem.
European countries and Rome.
Jerusalem