Who often held the most power in the independent republics in Italy that were governed by elected councils?

Answer 1

In the independent republics of Italy during the medieval period, the most power often resided with the local nobility or influential merchant families, who were able to dominate the elected councils. These elites wielded significant influence through their wealth, political connections, and control over trade, allowing them to shape governance to their advantage. While councils were elected, the actual decision-making power frequently remained in the hands of a few powerful individuals or families, undermining the democratic ideals of the councils.