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The Ten Tribes originally split from Judah voluntarily (1 Kings ch.12-13) and formed a separate monarchy; but (later) they didn't leave their homeland voluntarily. They were exiled by the Assyrians. What has happened to them since then is not the topic of the question and is a matter of conjecture.

Rehoboam's father, King Solomon, had levied relatively heavy taxes, which had been used for such large-scale endeavors as building the First Temple. The fact that the nation was so prosperous and happy in his time (1 Kings 4:20) demonstrates that Solomon conducted his governance in a praiseworthy manner.
After Solomon's death, the people approached his son Rehav'am (Rehoboam) and asked that he now lower the tax. He ignored the counsel of his elder advisers and refused the people's request. This led the Ten Tribes to turn away from him (1 Kings ch.12).
The background reason was because King Solomon had been less than perfectly righteous. This led God to punish him by diminishing his dynasty in the lifetime of his son (Rehoboam). 1 Kings ch.11. A deeper reason is that God wanted the more righteous people of Judah to be influenced by the Ten Tribes as little as possible. 287 years after the above events, the Ten Tribes were exiled by Assyria to points unknown, because of their having dabbled in idolatry and other sins. As to the present location of the bulk of the lost Ten Tribes, because of the lack of a continuous tradition in this particular matter, we can only speculate. Some well-known claims, such as the suggestion that the Native Americans or African Americans are the Lost Israelite Tribes, we can confidently dismiss offhand; and DNA analyses have also debunked such ideas. Other claims, such as that which has been suggested concerning the Pathani (Pashtun), are less far-fetched but must for the time being remain nothing more than a guess.
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