Well, the word "pilgrim" is actually a term used to describe anyone who goes on a pilgrimage, or a long journey to a place of historic/religious significance.
However, I assume that you are talking about the Pilgrims who came to settle at the Plymouth Colony of what is today Plymouth, Massachusetts in the United States. Yes, these settlers originated in England. They initially chose to leave England and settle in the Netherlands, but because many of them were concerned that they would lose their cultural identity, they moved again to the New World to find religious tolerance.
The Pilgrims were from England. They already spoke English.
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The Pilgrims who came to America were mainly composed of English puritans and separatists and departed from Plymouth England, so their nationality was English.
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Squanto, an indigenous man who had been in contact with English speakers before the Pilgrims arrived, learned English during his time in Europe and also while living with English settlers before the arrival of the Pilgrims. He acted as an interpreter for Massasoit and the Pilgrims due to his knowledge of both English and the native language.
No they didn't. The pilgrims spoke English, they had translators who spoke a tribes language. The Indians learned English (they actually had schools for this, there are some great books on the subject), and I'm sure the pilgrims picked up some words as well.
The Pilgrims all ready knew English since they were English. The Native Americans learned from them and most likely taught them a few of their words.
The first permanent English settlement of the Pilgrims in North America was the Plymouth Colony.