Two different types of cases exist, Criminal and Civil. The likelihood that either will end up in front of the US Supreme Court are quite Slim.
We will use Florida's procedure for criminal cases. Other states have basically the same procedures but use different names:
First comes the trial in the circuit court. If the prisoner does not have a lawyer, the state will provide him with one. Assume he is found guilty.
Next he can appeal his conviction. The state will provide him with an appeal lawyer. This is before a District Court of Appeals. (It is called A Supreme Court in New York). From this point on, the State no longer provides a lawyer. (If a different District Court of Appeals ruled a different way concerning the same law, the prisoner can appeal to the State Supreme Court.)
After that, the sentencing judge has 60 days to make his sentence final, before that he can change the terms. The prisoner can send information concerning that to the judge.
Next comes collateral appeals to the circuit courts and courts of appeal. These have deadlines of two years and one year. You can use the two years. After you get that one back, the one year deadline starts.
Finally, if there are federal issues and they were brought up in one of the various state appeals, they can be brought up in a collateral appeal to a Federal Circuit Court, a 1 year deadline. That decision can be appealed to a Federal District Court of Appeal. Finally, you can send your appeal to the United States Supreme Court. Now, what the Supreme Court is usually looking for is a certifiable issue. That is a point where one District Court of Appeal decided one way on a point of law and another one decided a different way. Frequently you will read, "Cert. Denied." That means they did not want to referee between the two courts. Other times they take the case.
The federal appeals process
It's part of the process. I don't think a case can bypass the appeals level on its way to the supreme court.
District Court The United States Court of Appeals Supreme Court
For state prosecuted offenses: Circuit (or District) Court > Court of Appeals > State Supreme Court (and if a Constitutional question is involved) > US District Court > US Court of Appeals > US Supreme Court.
For state prosecuted offenses: Circuit (or District) Court > Court of Appeals > State Supreme Court (and if a Constitutional question is involved) > US District Court > US Court of Appeals > US Supreme Court.
When, during the process of trials and appeals, it reaches that level of the ocurt system.
The next level of appeals for criminal cases prosecuted by the state would be the State Court of Appeals and after that, if you didn't like their decision, the State Supreme Court.
The U.S. Supreme Court can hear appeals both from the U.S. Courts of Appeals ("Circuit Courts") and the state courts of last resort (often--but not always--called the state's supreme court). The Supreme Court's power to consider appeals from the state courts was confirmed in the case Martin v. Hunter's Lessee, and is meant to ensure some level of uniformity.The US Supreme Court can also hear certain cases on expedited appeal directly from US District Courts. This is most likely to occur when one of the parties is a high-ranking government official, or if Congress has specified an expedited appellate process in a particular statute.Most appeals to the US Supreme Court originate with the US Court of Appeals Circuit Courts; however, under special circumstances, cases may be appealed directly from any of the courts listed below:US Court of Appeals Circuit CourtsUS District CourtsState supreme courts (or their equivalent)State intermediate appellate courtsUS Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces
Follow the Appeals Process in the Related Link below.
According to Article 3 of the U.S. Constitution, no other court has appeal authority over the Supreme Court. "In all other Cases before mentioned, the supreme Court shall have appellate Jurisdiction, both as to Law and Fact..." The Congress, if it doesn't like a ruling, can try and pass legislation (laws) that will have the affect of overruling a Supreme Court decision, but it takes a long time (usually) and is not always successful. The Supreme Court could still declare the new law unconstitutional.
Further review of a federal court decision typically falls under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Court of Appeals, which hears appeals from federal district courts. If a party wishes to seek further review after the Court of Appeals, they may petition the U.S. Supreme Court, though the Supreme Court has discretion over which cases it chooses to hear. This process ensures that significant legal questions can be addressed at the highest level of the judiciary.
Any court can declare a law unconstitutional, but the government would appeal the decision to the US Supreme Court, the ultimate arbiter of constitutionality. Due to the appeals process, only the Supreme Court nullifies federal (and sometimes state) laws.