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Before the Brown v. Board of Education decision in 1954, public schools in the United States were largely segregated by race, particularly in Southern states. This segregation was justified by the "separate but equal" doctrine established by the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson case, which claimed that racially segregated facilities could be considered equal. In practice, however, schools for Black students often received far fewer resources and were of much lower quality than those for white students. This systemic inequality fueled the Civil Rights Movement and led to the landmark Brown decision, which declared that racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional.

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