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The Supreme Court building is primarily made of marble, both inside and out. Much of the exterior stone was quarried domestically in Vermont, Georgia and Alabama. Some interior architectural details are carved from imported Italian marble.

The exterior walls facing First and East Capitol Streets are of Vermont marble, while the other exterior walls are made of Georgian marble.

Most of the interior is lined with Alabama cream marble, except the courtroom itself, which is lined with Spanish Ivory Veined marble. The 24 columns in the court chamber are ivory and golden marble from the Montarrenti quarries near Siena, Italy, which the architect, Cass Gilbert, acquired through his friendship with Italian dictator Benito Mussolini.

The front doors are made of bronze and covered with allegorical scenes.

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