Judicial Review
The Supreme Court uses judicial review when determining whether a law, application of a law, policy or executive order relevant to a case under their review is consistent with the principles of the Constitution.
nullification
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Chief Justice John Marshall formally claimed the power of judicial review, the ability of the courts to review and declare laws relevant to cases before the court unconstitutional, in Marbury v. Madison, (1803).
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It was only unconstitutional if you accepted Roger Taney's interpretation of the Constitution in his judgment of the Dred Scott case in 1857. He said the Constitution protected slavery - so therefore no state could declare itself to be free soil.
Nullification was the idea that the states could declare acts of congress to be unconstitutional. In particular South Carolina objected to the federal tariff while Jackson was president and decided to nullify it and so not collect it or pay it.
No the Congress can not nullify a ruling of the Supreme Court. The Congress would have to rewrite the law which the Supreme Court had declared unconstitutional. Then the new law could overrule the Supreme Court IF the new law was declared constitutional if/when appealed.
The Supreme Court was considered the weakest branch of government until the time of Chief Justice Marshall. Marshall established that the court could declare acts unconstitutional, placing powers in the hands of the judiciary. Marbury versus Madison decided the issue and established the legal precedent.
Not exactly. The Supreme Court can declare a law to be a violation of the US Constitution and make it void. However it can not veto laws in general.
It was on the grounds that child labor was not interstate commerce and therefore only state could regulate it.
It declared that the Alien and Sedition Acts violated the Constitution.It also declared that a state could nullify any act of Congress that it considered unconstitutional.
No. The rulings of the Supreme Court represent the final interpretation of a law. The only way to change the interpretation is to change the law, which is the job of the legislative branch.