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In 1868, President Andrew Johnson was impeached by the House of Representatives, but was acquitted by the Senate by a margin of one vote. The specific issue of impeachment was Johnson's continued effort to replace Secretary of War Edwin Stanton over the objections of the Senate, who had voted 35-16 to retain Stanton.

Behind the specific issue stood the real reason for Congress' displeasure with Johnson. Like General Grant and the late Abraham Lincoln whom Johnson had replaced, Johnson believed in treating the southern states with dignity and generosity, and in welcoming them back into the Union promptly.

Radical Republicans in Congress believed in treating the southern states with vicious political and economic punishment, and readmission to the Union only after a long period of humiliation that they called "reconstruction". Secretary Stanton was a staunch supporter of punitive reconstruction.

Accused of violating an act that Congress had enacted over Johnson's veto, an act specifically tailored to protect Republican favorites such as Stanton, Johnson was subjected to a 3-month long Senate trial before his acquittal. Stanton resigned shortly thereafter.

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