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The legislation creating the congressional Medal of Honor was signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln on December 21, 1861. The Medal began as two types, one for the Army and another for the Navy.

The first Medal was awarded to Army First Lieutenant Charles H. Tompkins for his action on 1 June 1861 at Fairfax, Virginia, where he twice charged through the enemy's lines and, taking a carbine from an enlisted man, shot the enemy's captain.

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