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The original name for the IRS was the Commissioner for Internal Revenue, and the office was created during the Civil War to collect the income tax being assessed to fund the Union's efforts in the Civil War - the Revenue Act of 1862 is the appropriate legislation. At this time point, the Republican Party was in control of both the Presidency and both Houses of Congress.

However, in 1894, the Supreme Court declared income taxes illegal, and this effectively shut down the CIR's office, which had been withering for the past several decades, as Congress had let the Civil War income tax expire in 1872, and income taxes were intermittent afterwards.

Under Republican Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and Howard Taft, there was a push to re-legalize the income tax, culminating in the 1913 ratification of the 16th Amendment, which formally legalized income taxes. The 16th Amendment was came it force in Feburary 1913 after the required 36th state approved of it. This was the 2nd month of Woodrow Wilson's presidency (a Democrat).

At the time, the name of the tax collection agency was the Bureau of Internal Revenue. It was officially changed to the Internal Revenue Service during the 1954 reorganization and changeover to make the IRS a fully professional civil service-run agency (rather than one of patronage and appointments). This happened under President Eisenhower's tenure (a Republican) and both Houses of Congress were under Republican control.

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Q: What political party was in control when the IRS was formed?
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