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The conquistadors encountered the Aztec Empire in present-day Mexico and the Inca Empire in South America. The Aztecs, known for their advanced civilization and capital city of Tenochtitlán, were conquered by Hernán Cortés in 1521. The Inca Empire, which spanned a vast territory in the Andes, fell to Francisco Pizarro, who captured the Inca leader Atahualpa and ultimately took control in the 1530s.

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