The year that slavery was abolished was 1865. The thirteenth amendment to the US Constitution was ratified in December of that year.
In essence the slaves were freed with the fall of the Confederate government in April 1865, and the surrender of the last viable rebel army which occurred in May. Also many slaves had been "freed" by the signing of the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863. However the constitutional amendment made it official and the slave then truly was henceforth and forever free.
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There weren't any slaves after the american civil war. They were freed by the emancipation act.
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The Union
Freed slaves were treated poorly after the Civil War. With the rise of the Ku Klux Klan, freedmen were usually terrorized. It was usually difficult for freedmen to get jobs as well.