As a result of the Emancipation Proclamation
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The Emancipation Proclamation freed all slaves in the rebelling states (the confederacy) and did not free the slaves in the five border states.
The Union
Blacks
Abraham Lincoln abolished slavery in the Southern states. The Emancipation proclamation announced that the slaves were officially and legally free. Although the Emancipation Proclamation declared Slaves of the Confederacy "Freed", it had no authority and did not free any slaves unless they made it to the North from the Confederacy. Lincoln's Abolitionist philosophy was alive and well in both the Union and the Confederacy at the time he wrote the Emancipation Proclamation. Through that edict Lincoln was able to offer a "kick start" to the movement and encourage the formation of "Underground Railroads" by Southern Abolitionist to assist escaping slaves.
The Civil War was fought between the North (who wanted to abolish slavery) and the South (who wanted to keep slavery). President Lincoln's first goal was to preserve the Union, but eventually decided to work to free the slaves. He passed the Emancipation Proclamation which was supposed to free the slaves. However, the loopholes in the document actually freed no slaves. After the Civil War, the Reconstruction Era began. New laws were passed to give rights to slaves. The first one, the 13th amendment, officially freed the slaves from all types of servitude. There were about 4 million slaves freed in total.