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Because Minecraft is built around Java, it is currently impossible to play Minecraft without Java.
no because that's a map and you need Minecraft to install it in your Mincraft
Nope. You HAVE to download a minecraft mod to have it.
You can download them without buying minecraft, you'll just have no use though.
You can play Minecraft Classic for free in a browser, at the Minecraft webpage.
There is no brass in MineCraft without mods.
A dedicated Minecraft server is a server where you can play original Minecraft. Usually without plugins or mods.
Not in the current Vanilla (Minecraft without Mods) Minecraft, no. But their are a few Mods out there that will make that possible.
Not without mods.
You don't: Minecraft is a game based in Java and will not run without Java. Not to mention that Minecraft isn't free either. Sure, there are other ways of getting Minecraft for free, but I'm not telling you to do that.
At this time, it currently isn't possible.