no it is possible
Yes.
There is a free version called Minecraft Classic available on the minecraft website.
It is not possible unless you download the single player command mod.
Yes, it is possible to download Minecraft for the Macintosh Operating System. Right Clicking using the mouse may be more difficult, however.
There is a program called Minecraft time machine (or something like that). Download that, and you can downgrade/upgrade Minecraft. You'll need a legal version (you paid for it) of Minecraft for it to work.
Unfortunately, Minecraft is a download-only game. However, as with any downloadable item, there are individuals who burn copies of the game to disc, and it might be possible to obtain a copy this way.
No. I do not think it is possible. As you have seen, it us only out for iOS and Android devices. Windows phone only have the window store and you can't find Minecraft there. I am pretty sure you can get it for the Nokia Lumia 520 but it is not possible.
it is possible by modifying the server.jar file with the modded class files from the mod download.
Minecraft doesn't have a disc. Go to the Minecraft website, register an account then buy the game. Once you have bought the game, you can download it onto your computer from the official website. If you have already bought the game, just log into your account download it.
In Vanilla Minecraft, this is not currently possible.
Literally anything physically possible in Minecraft.