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Actually, most thermal insulation materials like foam board and fiberglass bats actually used trapped air (or other gas) to provide insulation. If gases are not able to move (so called convection), they cannot transfer heat very well. Gases thermal conductivity is very low compared to solids or liquids. However, if gases are heated, they tend to move around do to density changes, called natural convection. Once the heat gas starts moving around, it is no longer a good insulator. But fiberglass bats (and blankets and winter coats) trap air within their fibers and prevent convection from occurring. Foam work in a similar way, except they generally contain bubbles of air (or other gas) that occur during the foaming process. Foams are not just plastic. Google Baked Alaska and find out how meringue can insulate ice cream and prevent it from melting while it bakes in the oven.

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