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By the year 800 BC the Greek city-states had bred too many people and sent out their surplus populations to seize territory and establish new city-states around the Mediterranean and Black seas. The Persians, expanding their empire westward, took in the Greek cities in Asia Minor. These cities were conned into revolt by the Greek tyrant of Miletus, and the Persians spent 499-493 BCE putting it down.

The Eritrea and Athenian city-states had sent forces to help their kindred in this war, and Persia sent a punitive expedition to capture them and install friendly local tyrants. This expedition was turned back at Marathon in 490 BCE.

The Persians then decided that the only way to bring peace was to bring all the Greek city-states under control, and launched an invasion of mainland Greece 480-479 BCE. It failed, and sporadic warfare went on until 449 BCE, when the Persians gave up and left the Greeks to go back to fighting each other and tried to ring-fence them to stop it spilling over into their empire.

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