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During the Ionian revolt in Asia Minor, the Greek mainland city-states of Eretria and Athens intervened, and in the process burnt down the Persian provincial capital of Sardis. After putting down the Ionians, Persian king Darius sent an amphibious expedition to take over the two cities and instal local tyrants to keep them under control and act as a warning to other Greek cities not to intervene withing the Persian Empire.

This 490 BCE expedition successfully took over Eretria, but failed to take Athens after losing the battle of Marathon. This led to a major invasion 10 years later.

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