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The war killed upwards of 9 million soldiers and 6 million civilians, maiming millions more. Then troop movements contributed to a deadly influenza epidemic that spread around the world. Substantial areas were devastated by the conflict, notably in northeastern France, Belgium and Poland. The German, Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman and Russian Empires were dismembered and replaced by republics. Russia came under the control of its Communist Party after a period of civil war and western military intervention. International trade stagnated as Europe lost its former pre-eminence. War outlays and reconstruction costs crippled British & French financial might and imperial power, while overseas nationalists seized the opportunity to seek colonial independence. Though initially reluctant to become entangled in European affairs, the United States established itself as an emerging superpower. Frustration at the peace settlement fuelled the rise of fascism in Italy and nazism in Germany, while the terrible military cost contributed to later British and French reluctance to confront the anti-treaty powers.

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14y ago

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