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In what ways did European culture after World War 1 challenge the assumptions of the pre-war 19th century European culture?
Europe lost much of its previous optimism and there was a widespread sense of disorientation.
What was the Golden Age in Spain like?
The Golden Age of Spain was one of great optimism and exploration by the Spanish royalty. The nation colonized vast areas of the world and grew extremely wealthy in a very short time.
What where living conditions like in Australia in the 1900s?
Australia had only recently federated during the 1900s. The Australian economy needed more people to migrate to Australia, and thus they gave information about the excellent work conditions of Australia. Although nowhere near modern standards, the condition in Australia was better than the conditions in many other countries, and this persuaded people to migrate. The country had a new sense of patriotism in the light of Federation in 1901. During the years leading up to World War I, there was a greater sense of fighting for one's country and, even more, showing old Mother England that Australians were made of sterner stuff than Britain had ever credited them for. The writings of people such as Banjo Paterson and Henry Lawson generated support for the underdog, and an appreciation of the harshness of life in the bush and the outback. It underscored what strong and determined people Australians really were. Many people finished their education at age 12, not going on to high school. Children worked at a trade or on the family farm to help out. Agriculture was the country's mainstay and, of course, motor-driven vehicles were few and far between. Regarding sewerage, most residences in Australia in the early 1900s had a "thunderbox" or "dunny" in the backyard. This would either be a trench or a hole that would be filled in when it was no longer usable, or a can that could be taken out and emptied. Sawdust or similar filler was used to cover the waste when the user was finished. The sewerage system was still fairly new and restricted to more affluent suburbs in large cities such as Sydney and Melbourne. Proper sewerage and sanitation was expensive. Addition: In 1901 the immigration policy was given, which meant that if a person was not deemed fit (i.e. non British), then he or she sat a dictation test which very few people passed. Australia didn't want any non-European immigrants. Australia wanted to be a "white" Australia and it achieved that. This was one of the goals of Federation.
