Jan 20 coldest day ever recorded in America (-56degrees, -70fahrenheit). France lose battle of Viet Minh in Vietnam in May causing Vietnam to split into North and South Vietnam. Algeria fights for independence from France. Laos gains independence from France. America stages military coup in Guatemala. First successful kidney transplant is done. World's first water-pump jet engine built in New Zealand. Oprah and John Travolta were born. America officially uses the nautical mile
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The assassination the Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife was critical in setting off the chain of events that led to the First World War, it is the most commonly known and probably most significant event of the war.
1938 marked the first appearance of Superman. In Germany, Hitler was consolidating his power, beginning with the persecution of the Jews and an invasion of Czechoslovakia.
NASA and the Dept. of Defense began the Arpanet project in the '50s. It laid the foundation for the internet and was started in the 1950's, not sure exactly when, but the beginning of the Arpanet project certainly would be at least one milestone in the '50s.
For a list of significant events that happened in 1997, please see the related link.
World War I and II, and the atomic bomb were the big events of the twentieth century. The two events that may have affected the course of the history of the world were the bubonic plague and European colonization of everywhere outside of Europe.