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Devinthe answer is B. Ottoman rulers believed that Muhammad's successor was his close friend Abu Bakr whereas Safavid rulers believed that Muhammad's successor was his own son-in-law Ali.
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Who were Mehmed Suleyman 'Abbas and Akbar?
They were Muslim rulers. Akbar the Great was the great ruler of the Mughal dynasty of India (1556-1605). Suleiman the Magnificent's reign is known as the golden age of the Ottoman Empire of Turkey (1520-1566). Shah Abbas was the greatest ruler of the Safavid dynasty of Persia (1588-1629). Mehmed the Conqueror was the celebrated Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1444-46 & 1451-1481, who conquered Istanbul on 29th May 1453.
What are the reasons of decline of the Arab Empire in the Middle East?
The most prominent declining Islamic Empire in the Early 20th century was the Ottoman Empire, which was declining from 1700s-1923 when it was officially ended. However, the Qajjar and Safavid Empires had also been in decline during the same period in Iran.
What was the government in the Middle east between the 1600s and the 1900s?
There was no unitary government in the Middle East during this period. The Middle East could effectively be split into four general zones of governing authority: Ottoman Empire, Safavid and Qajjar Empires, Arab Sheikhdoms, and European Colonial Governates.Ottoman Empire: The Ottomans controlled the largest swath of the Middle East, including Anatolia, the Levant, Hejaz, and Mesopotamia. The Ottoman Empire was an Absolute Theocratic Monarchy based in Sunni Islam that ran affairs through a complex system of bureaucrats and officials in numerous provinces. The Ottomans were ethnically Turkish, which put them at odds with the people they ruled over (usually Arabs in the Middle East).Safavid and Qajjar Empires: The two Persian Empires controlled what is today Iran as well as some of the Caucasus Region and Afghanistan. The rulership was ethnically Persian and ruled through a mandates and declarations with a much less-developed bureaucracy and more intense theocratic mantle. The empires were Shiite Muslim and actively persecuted all non-Shiites within their borders.Arab Sheikhdoms: The Arabian Peninsula had an impressive number of Absolute Monarchs (such as those who rule various Emirates like Dubai, Abu Dhabi, and Qatar, those who rule Kingdoms like Saudi Arabia and Bahrain, and those who rule Sultanates like Oman). These Arab monarchs control their people through direct edicts and typically run a nepotistic government. They were far less powerful or expansive than the above empires and traditionally competed more with each other than with the larger empires.European Colonial Governates: This prevails more in Egypt prior to 1900 than anywhere else. The Britons used indirect colonial rule to support the Khedivite Turks in bringing about Pro-British policy. The country was governed by British governors in concert with these local rulers, creating intense enmity between the conqueror and the conquered.
