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One trait that distinguishes the major groups of vertebrates from one another is the way in which they control their body temperature. Most fish, amphibians, and reptiles have body temperatures that are close to the temperature of their environment.

2 Fish, amphibians, and reptiles are ectotherms. An ectotherm is an animal whose body does not produce much internal heat. Its body temperature changes depending on the temperature of the environment. For example, when a turtle is lying in the sun on a riverbank, it has a higher body temperature than when it is swimming in a cool river. Ectotherms are sometimes called "cold-blooded," but that is misleading. The blood of ectotherms is often quite warm.

3 In contrast to the turtle, a beaver would have the same body temperature whether it was in cool water or on warm land. The beaver is an endotherm. An endotherm is an animal whose body controls and regulates its temperature by controlling the internal heat it produces. An endotherm's body temperature usually does not change much, even when the temperature of its environment changes. Mammals and birds are endotherms. They have a stable body temperature that is typically much warmer than their environment. Endotherms are often called "warm-blooded" animals.

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