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a. the presence of homologous structures b. the presence of vestigial organs
The bird's wing has a fairly rigid bone structure, and the main flying muscles move the bones at the point where the wing connects to the body. A bat has a much more flexible wing structure. It is very much like a human arm and hand, except it has a thin membrane of skin (called the patagium) extending between the "hand" and the body, and between each finger bone. Bats can move the wing like a hand, essentially "swimming" through the air. The "thumb" extends out of the wing as a small claw, which bats use to climb up trees and other structures. This helps them reach a high "launching point" for flight takeoff. Appropriately, the order of bats is called Chiroptera, Greek for "hand-wing."
A bird's wings are homologous to a human's arms. Both structures share a similar basic skeletal pattern despite their different functions. This indicates a common evolutionary ancestry between birds and humans.
In the diploid cell nucleus there are homologous chromosomes. During meiosis homologous chromosomes pair each other and bring about crossing over to inter change genetic material. This is how new combination of genes are created in the male and female gametes.
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Homologous = same origin, different function (arms vs. wings) Analogous = same function, different origin (panda thumb)
analogous
a. the presence of homologous structures b. the presence of vestigial organs
Homologous organs have similar embryonic origin and basic structure whereas Analogous organs have different embryonic origin and basic structure. Homologous organs may look different and may perform different function; e.g., forelimb of a man and flipper of a whale. Whereas Analogous organs look alike and perform same functions; e.g., Wings of birds and insects.
describe a chemical test you would use to show the difference between an isomer and a homologous series
Homologous structures are different forms of animal anatomy which have come from the some origin (a common ancestor), these can be extremely different in appearance and function. For example a bats wing, a seals flipper and a human arm all have common bone and muscle structures suggesting that they all derived from a common ancestor. Vestigial structures are parts of the anatomy which have lost their original function through the evolutionary process and no longer obtain a major functional role in that animals life. For example in human the appendix's original function was to break down cellulose in plant material, other vestigial functions in humans include the coccyx (tailbone) and ear muscles.
Homologous refers to the similarity in structure and function of different parts and organs of different animals. For example, a human hand is homologous to a dog paw; a bird's wings are homologous to human arms. Vestigial refers to parts and organs that, due to historic evolution and development, may no longer be necessary. For example, the tail bone has no purpose or function in modern human structure, and neither do some of the muscles that surround the human ear. Also, whales have unnecessary bones in the back portion of their bodies that appear to have once been used to support legs; this indicates, from an evolutionary perspective, that whales may once have been land animals. Now that they live only in water, those remaining leg bones are vestigial.
Homologous structures are any structures that have similarity and come from the same lineage. This can be seen in the forelimbs of mammals. Analogous structures are very similar but come from different ancestors. This can be seen in the North American flying squirrel vs the Australian sugar glider. They both have similar features but come from 2 different locations. In fact, the Australian sugar glider is more related to the kangaroo than the flying squirrel
Analogous means that the structures have different origins, but they do the same things. Homologous means the opposite: that they have the same origins but are adapted to do different functions.
Homologous features of animals are a lot more recent in contrast to evolution, where as analogous dates far back. Homologous features are similar in structure, but perform different functions, such as the human hands and dolphin flippers, which makes room to allow recent evolution comparisons while analogous consists of wings of a bee and a bird, which are completely different. When trying to determine evolutionary relationship between two species, biologists concentrate on homologous features, as analogous features would be considered useless in this case.
Homologous structures refer to structures on different species that are similar in function and their evolutionary origin. Analogous structures are similar in function but do not share a similarity in evolutionary origin.