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It's believed to be the Saluki.
There are fourteen contenders for the title of "oldest breed." Dogs, as we know them today, are descendants of domesticated wolves. DNA research was conducted to determine which dog breeds had the most common 'genetic fingerprints' to wolves.

The fourteen "ancient breeds" identified are:

Afghan Hound

Akita

Alaskan Malamute

Basenji

Chow Chow

Lhasa Apso

Pekingese

Saluki

Samoyed

Shar-pei

Shiba Inu

Shih Tzu

Siberian Husky

Tibetan Terrier

This research was reported in the article "Genetic Structure of the Purebred Domestic Dog" in the journal Science, Volume 304, on May 21, 2004.
The oldest Dog Breeds are Afghan, Akita, Alaskan Malamute, Basenji, Chow, Lhasa, Pekingese, Saluki, Samoyed, Shar Pei, Shiba Inu, Shih Tzu, Siberian husky, and Tibetan terrier because they differ from wolves the least genetically.

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