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Cornstarch
The same amount.
In cakes: Increase the amount called for by 15% and use vegetable shortening or non-dairy margarine.
Is the question about "vegetable shortening"? In apple pie filling, a small amount of butter (about 2 Tablespoons) NOT shortening, should be used to "dot" the top of the filling before the top crust is applied. For any pie crust, including crust for apple pie, butter or lard, or a combination of both, may be used instead of vegetable shortening. There are also recipes for crust made with vegetable oil, which produce a slightly different type of crust with a crumbly texture.
If it is 1/4 cup or less, however, you can replace 1/2 the amount of shortening with a nut or seed butter. It will alter the taste & may have a strong tahini flavor. Almond butter or raw cashew butter may be more favorable. Some recipies do well with 1/4 cup tahini and no shortening, but replacing half the amount of remaining shortening with applesauce.
Yes and yes.
no because cornstarch is sweet and flour is sour. I believe you use about half the amount of cornstarch when subsituting for flour.
It really depends on what you are cooking/baking, but often you can substitute a cup of butter for the shortening. Don't use margarine though, because it has some water content and would possibly affect the results. You could also try half butter and half lard, which should work well, also.
Use the same amount of butter as you would shortening. In bread, a tablespoon of butter can be used instead of a tablespoon of shortening. The same amount of canola oil is even healthier.
Cornstarch makes cakes lighter and more moist. Since cornstarch absorbs more liquid than flour does you only need half the amount of cornstarch as flour in a recipe. It works best in sponge type cakes which have no butter in the batter.
2 Tbsp all-purpose flour = 1 Tbsp cornstarch Whatever amount of cornstarch your recipe calls for, just double that measurement and use flour instead.
That would be the ingredient statement or ingredient list.C.Ingredient list
That would be the ingredient statement or ingredient list.C.Ingredient list