No
No.
You need photographic ID for ANY flight!
Not if they start the journey in England.
this question doesn't make sense as Scotland is in the UK. If you mean "do you need a passport to travel between England and Scotland" then the answer is no. Unless you are flying, in which case you will need some form of photo ID such as a passport or driving license.
You will not require a passport to travel from Sunderland, England to Falkirk, Scotland.
It depends. If you are an English or Welsh citizen, then you can certainly cross the border into Scotland without any passport. It's all the same nation, the United Kingdom. If you are a foreign national, then you will need a passport to enter the UK, whether you are trying to arrive at (for example) Manchester Airport in England, or Glasgow Airport in Scotland. However assuming you gained legal entry to England, you can then travel around the UK as there are no border checks in between England and Scotland, or Scotland and Wales.
No.
yes
Of course. You will need a valid passport.
as England is attached to Wales and Scotland, I fail to see how it would get away
Scotland has the Thistle, England the Lion or Rose, Wales the Dragon or Leek.