The outer layers can be seen directly; the inner layers can't, to a great extent (though neutrinos from the nuclear reactions get out immediately, and can be observed). Much of what happens inside the Sun is deduction, from what is known about how matter behaves.
Sunspots, prominences and flares are all manifestations of magnetic fields, and these are indicators of processes going on deeper within the Sun. Also, just as earthquakes can help geologists study the Earth's interior, so can "sun-quakes" provide info about the Sun's interior.
the corona is much hotter than the layers of the sun that are closer to the sun's interior
SSo the astronomers can tell us what is happening to the sun. that good enough? :)
Astronomers think the sun will die in 2012
Parallax is the method that astronomers use to measure the distance from the sun to the earth.
No.
For two or three hundred years, astronomers have had a fair idea the the Sun is not the center of the Universe.
Astronomers
The average distance between the Earth and sun, in round figures, is 93 million miles. Astronomers tend to maintain the same distance from the sun that ordinary people do.
you would burn to death you would not be able to breath
Astronomers study celestial bodies, helio astronomers specifically study suns.
Astronomers study the moon, sun, and stars.