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The answer people usually give is that we owe 'democracy' to them. The other answers are: philosophy (think Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, among others); zoology and physics(again, Aristotle) and mathematics (Pythagoras and Archimedes).
The word 'democracy' is indeed Greek (it is a contraction of demos, people and kratein, to rule) but the historic truth about this democracy is - as so often - less straightforward. At one point there was indeed a system in the city of Athens in which the population at large could express their opinion in mass meetings. But these (occasional!) meetings were usually carefully orchestrated beforehand by the powerful families of the city, who in any case kept all the positions of power and influence exclusively for themselves. Since the execution of any mass meeting decision was therefore in their hands, they could decide if and how to translate decisions into any form of action.

Your question should read: "How did ancient Greece..."etc by the way. Today's Greece culturally speaking is the product of the Ottoman Empire that ruled it for some 600 years. Ancient Greek culture was assimilated with a much more dominant Roman culture and more or less dissolved. The idea that today's Greeks are the product of Ancient Greek culture was invented and cleverly exploited by Lord Byron, the famous Britsh poet and fierce supporter of Greece's struggle for independence in the 19th century. It was he who coined the phrase that Greece was the "birthplace of democracy".
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Q: How did Greece impact our western world?
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