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By generating chemicals in the engine and exhausting them straight into the atmosphere.

The fuel is in two parts: hydrogen and carbon from the gasoline, which is a hydrocarbon fuel, and oxygen that comes in through the air filter. Nitrogen also comes in and that also has an effect.

The pollution is mainly in the form of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide, CO2. Gases possess mass just like liquids and solids do, and in a car engine the major reaction that produces heat energy is that for 1 kg of fuel we have 840 gm of carbon plus 160 gm of hydrogen combining with 3520 gm of oxygen to give 3080 gm of CO2 and 1440 gm of water. These reactions also produce 12.2 million calories of heat. The above figures are derived assuming heptane fuel which is a good approximation. A rough rule of thumb is that burning 1 kg of fuel produces 3 kg of CO2; or burning 1 pound of fuel produces 3 pounds of CO2.

Other minor reactions produce carbon monoxide from imperfect combustion, and nitrogen oxides from the action of heat on the nitrogen in the cylinder.

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Q: How do cars pollute the air and be specific?
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