You should probably contact a CPA for this as this can be quite complicated and if you deduct things your not supposed to, you can get yourself into alot of trouble.
In short, royalties would be self-employment income. That means that you will need to pay the 15% FICA/Medicare charge plus your ordinary income tax rate. (Normally when you work for someone else you pay 7.5% fica/medicare and employer pays the other half).
You will need to file Schedule SE with your 1040 to determine your total self employment income. That is, your income minus your expenses related to employment.
It is Gross Pay.
The amount of money earned before deductions are taken out of a paycheck
Gross income
W-2
Deductions take many many forms and names. They depend on situations too and the type of income you have or how you earned it. Your question is entirely too broad to have any list or comprehensive answer. However, as a start: Try the IRS website. www. IRS.GOV and type in "DEDUCTIONS" in their search engine. You might want to be more specific about the deductions you are looking or, i.e. deductions for homeowners deductions for day care deductions for business deductions for travel deductions for investing deductions for medical etc, etc ....
Gross income is all monies earned and received before deductions. ( taxes, EI, Union Dues, etc ) After deductions it is considered Net income.
EI EARNED INCOME SOURCES. No age is required for this purpose. The required withholding amounts will begin to be withheld on the day that the EARNED INCOME begins to be EARNED.
When itemizing, the two most common deductions are home morgage interest and property taxes. If you mean credits the two most common are the child tax credit and earned income credit. Both deductions and credits lower or go against your tax liability.
the total amount of money earned after all withholdings
In simple terms, Paystub is an on paper record of your paycheck provided along with each paycheck. Paystub or paycheck stub contains various details related to the paycheck. It mentions the amount which the employee earned and also states the deductions in forms of taxes, insurance, costs and others.
Definitions: Earned income - is received from services performed. For example, wages, commisions, tips, and business income. Unearned income - is generally income that the does meet the definition of earned income. Examples include interest, dividends, rents, and royalties. Pensions and IRA distributions would fall into this category.
Medicare is deducted from earned income. So, if you get a part-time job after you retire, for example, Medicare will be deducted from those earnings.