It depends on how the term is meant. "Torah Jews" can mean more than one thing.
If the definition is: Those who live the laws of the Torah (which is the way the phrase "Torah Jews" is usually used), then it is understandably common to reserve that description for observant Jews. It is indeed customary today to call observant Jews "Torah Jews"; so the answer to the question is Yes. The word "Orthodox" is seen by many Torah Jews to be an exonym, i.e. a term applied to them by non-Orthodox, whereas they prefer the term "Torah Jews".
If the definition is: Who is Jewish according to the Torah, then Torah Jews would include non-observant Jews, because they don't cease being Jewish. All Jews, regardless of levels of observance are "Torah Jews" since their Jewishness is derived from the Torah's mandates.
Yes, non-Orthodox Jews can become Orthodox by becoming more observant. Non-Jews can become Orthodox Jews through Orthodox conversion.
"Progressive" implies change. Orthodox Jews are those who believe in God and the Torah, and keep the commands of the Torah (Sabbath, Kashruth, etc.).
No. Any Jew may become Orthodox, by dint of observing the Torah. It would be a good idea to have the counsel of other Orthodox Jews or a Rabbi; and to join a congregation. The above applies also to any former non-Jew who has converted to Judaism according to Jewish law.
YES! Circumcision among Jewish males is nearly universal and is a Torah-precept (Genesis ch.17).
Haredi Jews are ultra orthodox Jews found around the world.
Called "sidelocks" or in Hebrew "pay-oat", is a devout Jew's adherence to Torah that requires men to leave their sidelocks uncut. Curls are not styled; they are natural if anything.
Sounds like a Zen koan. In Judaism, a Jew is fully a member of the Jewish people if he/she was born Jewish, or had a valid conversion into Judaism. Religious Judaism holds that a Jew can most fully express and nurture their Judaism by living according to the Torah. This is called by several names: religious Judaism; Torah-Judaism; Orthodox Judaism.
The Torah does not permit it.
Orthodox Jews abide by the commands of the Torah and the Oral Torah (Talmud).
Yes, a Humanistic Jew believes in the Torah.
The Koran
No he was not a Jew he was eastern orthodox which is a christian church.