The death of the Prophet Muhammad. It was then decided that as a religious and community leader he should be succeeded, and such a religious successor was called a Caliph; the region and community he ruled over, a Caliphate. This immediately led to the first schism, namely between Shi'ite and Sunni Muslims. The Sunni Muslims considered Muhammad's father-in-law the rightful successor and first Caliph, the Shia Muslims considered his son-in-law the rightful successor.
The Caliphate was simply the successor-state to Muhammad's Islamic Empire. It did not "develop" so much as continue from the previous period.
APEX: Science and technology flourished in Islamic caliphates but declined in Western Europe.
Numerous empires such as the various Caliphates (Umayyad, Abbassid, Buyid, Idrissid, Fatimid, Samanid, Safavid, etc.) and modern States around the world have Islam as their major religion. These disparate places and empires are usually called "Islamic Civilization".
It was a central part of the Middle East and attracted various empires which absorbed it - Macedonian (Alexander the great), Macedonian Syria, Parthia, Sassanid, Islamic Caliphates. Finally, the discovery of large deposits of oil brought European and American developers.
Oversimplified, the major unifying force of Europe during the middle ages was universal Christianity (both Roman Catholic and Orthodox) providing an us-vs-them mentality in oppostion to their Islamic foes in the Ottoman Empire, the caliphates (abbasid, fatimid, etc.), the Emirate of Cordoba, and Al-Andulas.
Their Natural Resources
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The Dome of the Rock is the earliest major Islamic building that still exists today.
The MAJOR religion of the country is Islamic Republic. :)
Well I know these are: - Egypt - Saudi Arabia
The Umayyads established the Umayyad Caliphate, the second of the four major Arab caliphates established after the death of Muhammad.
what are the major figueres in the development of ecology?
The major Islamic event that takes place in Mecca every year is pilgrimage (or Hajj).