Grab a seat and we'll kick it about PSK. PSK is phase shift keying. It's a modulation scheme, a way to put digital information onto a carrier wave. Let's do a quickie review and then go right to the answer. Ready? Let's jump. Let's say we need to send a digital signal. Our signal, the digital string, is just a series of "on's" and "off's" that isn't much different from something like, say, Morse Code. The telegraph code could be looked at as a binary code. It's just short and long pulses, not unlike our binary on's and off's in the digital domain. So how do we get that information onto a carrier wave? One way is to shift the phase of the carrier signal to modulate it, to add our signal to it. Let's look at the carrier wave. We have a carrier humming along at (probably) some microwave frequency. If we want to send an 'on' bit, we slow down the carrier just a tad, and for a tiny interval of time. If we want to send an 'off' bit, we speed the carrier up just a tad for a tiny interval of time. The slowing down or speeding up of the carrier in PSK is the keying. Wouldn't it be nice to know what effect this has on the other end of the transmission? Let's look. On the receiving end, we generate the original carrier frequency (our "beat" frequency), and then we "beat it against" the incoming signal. (Our generated signal in the receiver is held tightly "dead on" the carrier frequency.) When we beat the two signals together, if they are the same frequency, there is no "differential" signal generated. If the transmitter is slowing the carrier down a tad or speeding it up a tad, our detectors in the receiver will "see" the difference between the incoming signal and the signal that the receiver is beating against it. The differences are logged as on's and off's by the receiver, and the digital data is then reassembled to recreate the original pulse string. Piece of cake. Oh, and got a link for ya.
The mathematical term for "mean" is "mean".The popular, or colloquial term for "mean" is "average".
8 phase shift keying is a complex form of digital modulation by altering a sine wave and a cosine wave: shifting their phase. The best explanations I have found so far can be found at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-shift_keying and http://www.sss-mag.com/pdf/1modulation.pdf But they all explain the more simpler forms of phase shift keying: Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) and Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) and they don't say much about 8PSK unfortunately. However this might still give you an idea. Good luck, I will keep searching myself. Karen von Hünerbein
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No, the math term ratio doesn't mean multiply.
There is no statistical term such as "deviation mean".
The acronym "BPSK" stands for burst pulse shift keying. Burst pulse shift keying is the simplest form of phase shift keying or PSK known currently to exist.
PSK (Phase Shift Keying) is advantageous over FSK (Frequency Shift Keying) and ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying) because it provides higher data rates and better spectral efficiency. PSK is less susceptible to noise and interference since phase changes are more discernible than frequency or amplitude changes. PSK also allows for easier implementation in digital communication systems.
circuit of modulation PSK
DPSK (Differential Phase Shift Keying) is more robust against phase fluctuations during transmission compared to PSK (Phase Shift Keying). It eliminates the need for a phase reference, making it more suitable for noisy channels. Additionally, DPSK can provide better error performance in certain scenarios compared to PSK.
QPSK = Quadrature Phase Shift Keying In QPSK amplitude are not much.so the carrier is constant. transmission rate is higher when compared with PSK
In television system for video transmission AM is used and for audio transmission FM is used....
The term WYSIWYG helps you to save most of the time when keying in a document.
WYSIWYG helps you save most of your when keying in a document.
See the related link below.
GSM uses GMSK modulation scheme. GPRS also uses GMSK modulation scheme. EDGE and UMTS uses 8-PSK.
fsk and psk
Steve,Unfortunately attacking WPA-PSK doesn't reqriue any kind of Evil-Twin or MITM (or any kind of ARP hijinks) if you have the PSK. All you have to do is capture the 4-way handshake for a session, and with the PSK in hand, derive the same PTK to decrypt traffic.The PTK is derived from the PMK (basically a derivation of the PSK) and a pair of nonces generated by the client station and the access point. These nonces are exchanged in the clear.And with that same lack of authentication you mention, an attacker can issue a deassociation packet forcing any arbitrary client to perform a 4-way handshake at will.To be completely clear: The PSK is the *only* secret in WPA-PSK, and anyone who has the PSK and is monitoring traffic can decrypt all of the traffic.I'm not completely sure why WPA-PSK doesn't use a DH key exchange for the PTK. Probably because the protocol isn't designed to be secure against people possessing the keying material. But it just doesn't.Regards,Sam