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One major problem in databases is concurrency. Concurrency problems arise when multiple processes try to update or insert data into a database table at the same time. Such concurrent updates can cause data to become corrupt.
Locking is a strategy that is used to prevent such concurrent updates to data.
When a database system modifies data in one of its tables it first acquires a lock. When a table is locked, only the process the acquired the lock is allowed to modify the data in the table. Other processes will have to wait until the lock is released before they can make their changes. Now, this is a simple representation of how locking works. In reality databases can use different locking strategies.
Depending on the database system, locks can be acquired on entire tables (table-level locking) or on individual rows (row-level locking).
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