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The golden calf was long associated with the moon god. The worship of the moon god, Sin, goes back to at least the third dynasty of Ur (c 2060 - 1950), where the god was honoured the the form of a golden calf with crescent-shaped horns and a long flowing beard of lapis lazuli. C. L. Woolley (Ur Excavations: The Royal Cemetery) found several of the images in his excavations of the royal graves at Ur, a Mesopotamian city which had legendary links with Israel from the time of Abraham. A Sumero-Akkadian hymn to that god says, "Ferocious bull, whose horn is thick, whose legs are perfected, who is bearded in lapsis, and filled with luxury and abundance." The moon god symbolised fertility, both by the moon's influence on the menstrual cycle and the fertility of the bull. The calf's crescent horns also represented the moon.

When the Books of Exodus and Kings talk of the Israelites worshipping a golden calf, they were references to the worship of the moon god.

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Q: What is the archetype of the golden calf in the Bible?
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