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Hormones have most of their effects on gender identity prenatally. They play only a minor role on gender identity later in life.

Hormones do seem to affect abilities which are commonly associated with one gender or another. Regardless of gender identity, someone on estrogen might be better at social things, while someone one testosterone might be better at math and spatial related tasks. That information comes from transsexual persons who have undergone hormone therapy. However, that varies with the individual, and if someone is not really a transsexual inside, then such mental shifts and other changes may be disturbing. The point of mentioning all this is that the mental changes from the hormones are separate from gender identity. But for a person who genuinely has transsexualism, these changes from hormones are welcomed and help confirm a person's sense of gender identity.

On generic transgenderism which does not result on surgery, there is sometimes a paradoxical effect at work when it comes to hormones. What some claim are feminine feelings may actually be fueled by testosterone. So when they take female hormones, it actually diminishes their desire to transition. This effect can be somewhat diagnostic to help split those with transsexualism from those with certain fetishes.

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Q: What is the role of hormones in gender identity?
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