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People fled to venice. It became a powerful city-state that came to dominate much of the mediterranean.
The Jacobins.
Europe became a patchwork of little areas of mini-kingdoms.
Well, it originated in the East, and was brought over to Europe during the Crusades in the Middle Ages. From there, it expanded and became very relied on.
The roman catholic church.
In the early 4th century.
Constantinople
He was a powerful Prussian political leader who became Germany's first chancellor after unification in 1871.
the crusades had a major impact on Europeans. goods began to flow more steadily between Europe and the muslin lands. this trade benefited European kings. who taxed the goods that crossed their border. kings also took over land from nobles who left to fight in the crusades. as a result. feudalism gradually withered. and Europe's kingdoms through stronger and larger. many of them later became modern Europe's nation-states.
Oliver Hudson Kelley founds the Grange, which became a powerful political force among western farmers.
the new resources from america came, Europe became powerful and dominated the world trade with military power.