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It is called the "nuclear model" Rutherford concluded that 1. Atom is mostly empty space 2. Atom has a nucleus at its center 3. Electrons surround the nucleus
Paul Taras has written: 'Properties of levels in Cl35' -- subject(s): Isotopes, Physics Theses, Gamma rays, Nuclear models, Nuclear shell theory, Chlorine
She inferred, predicted, classifyed, and made models by eating artichokes to stimulate the brain
James Stuart Willison has written: 'Thermal conductivity modeling of unrestructured sphere pac nuclear fuels' -- subject(s): Nuclear fuel rods, Thermal properties, Mathematical models
By using mathematical models
When liquid drop and shell models fail to explain different phenomena like, electric quadrupole moment, magnetic dipole moment In addition to individual nucleons changing orbits to create excited states of the nucleus as described by the Shell Model, there are nuclear transitions that involve many (if not all) of the nucleons. Since these nucleons are acting together, their properties are called collective, and their transitions are described by a Collective Model of nuclear structure. High-mass nuclei have low-lying excited states that are described as vibrations or rotations of non spherical nuclei. Many of these collective properties are similar to those of a rotating or vibrating drop of liquid, and in its early development the Collective Model was called the Liquid-Drop Model. The first important application of the Liquid-Drop model was in the analysis of nuclear fission, in which a massive nucleus splits into two lower-mass fragments. The Liquid Drop Model calculates an energy barrier to fission as a sum of the repulsive Coulomb forces between the protons of the nucleus and the attractive surface tension of the skin of the "liquid drop" nucleus. If the barrier is low enough the nucleus might fission spontaneously. For higher barriers, it takes a nuclear reaction to induce fission. The figure above shows the energy levels of 238U. The quantum numbers, level spacings, and gamma ray transition probabilities identify these levels as rotational states of a non spherical nucleus. Nuclei showing collective properties are usually those with many valence nucleons, that is, those with proton or neutron numbers that are far from filled shells. As with the Shell Model, the Collective Model permits the calculation of spin-parity assignments and transition probabilities that are in good agreement with the measured properties of collective nuclei.
Armin D. Karpf has written: 'Struktur der Elementarteilchenmaterie' -- subject(s): Nuclear models, Nuclear structure, Particles (Nuclear physics)
to explain the complex features of simple phenomena
Many properties of electronmagnetic waves can be explained by a wave model. However, some properties can be explained by a particle model.
The plum pudding model of an atom has not a nucleus; in 1904 the nucleus, protons, neutrons were not discovered. See the link below.
The atomic Bohr model consist in a positive nucleus surrounded by electrons in a continuous movement.
cloud model