what volume of hourly urine output could indicate renal failure?
15ml per hour
In reality, if you are NOT in cardiac failure, by the venous return. According to most books its the stroke volume times the rate - but stroke volume is not an independent variable.
Cardiac output is the blood volume pushed out by the left ventricle per minute. Stroke volume is the volume of blood pushed out of the left ventricle per contraction of the heart (each heart beat). So stroke volume into heart rate / minute gives you cardiac output.
Lowers stroke volume
cardiac output
varible?
Volume and Time
these factors can increase central venous pressure: decreased cardiac output, increased blood volume, venous constriction,forced expiration, muscle contraction
Cardiac output = heart rate X stroke volume Thus, if the heart rate decreases so will the cardiac output, assuming the stroke volume is constant.
Stoke volume= cardiac output / heart rate
cardiac output is heart rate multiplied by stroke volume,
You need to indicate what units the mass and volume are measured in.
It's decreased ... unless the rate falls, which is the normal cardiac response.