Who started artificial intelligence research?

Answer 1

Answer: A papyrus from circa: 3000 BC was bought in a Luxor antique shop by Edwin Smith in 1882 that presented 48 surgical observations of head wounds. The observations were stated in "symptom-diagnosis-treatment-prognosis" combinations as: IF a patient has this symptom, THEN he has this injury with this prognosis if this treatment is applied. This was the first known expert system. However, Artificial Intelligence (AI), as we know it today, is basically a computer program that learns by mistake. If it does something that is wrong, it re-programs itself to do it right. While there have been several attempts at creating an artificial intelligence computer, the best known case involved an artificial intelligence computer, researched and built by IBM in late 1995 and affectionately called Deep Blue. IBM's Deep Blue was pitted in a Chess match against Garry Kasparov, a Russian grand chess master, in 1997 and surprisingly, Kasparov lost the match. Side note: Unbeknown to Garry Kasparov, IBM had hired several US chess masters to play chess games against Deep Blue. Whenever Deep Blue would lose a match due to a move that had not been programmed into its data base; Deep Blue would simply add that move into its data files and as such, could never be defeated by that same combination of moves again. Having gone through this process with various chess master for the better part of a year, IBM and in particular, Deep Blue were virtually 100% confident of not being able to be beaten.