The Income Approach is one of three major groups of methodologies, called valuation approaches, used by appraisers. It is particularly common in commercial real estate appraisal and in business appraisal. The fundamental math is similar to the methods used for financial valuation, securities analysis, or bond pricing. However, there are some significant and important modifications when used in real estate or business valuation. While there are quite a few acceptable methods under the rubric of the income approach, most of these methods fall into three categories: direct capitalization, discounted cash flow, and gross income multiplier.
It is same because different approaches don't cause the change in net income rather different approaches only presents the information in different ways while actual net income or loss remains same.
Because what goes in must come out.....
yes it does.
every guy has a different approach
Municipal Bond Tax Equivalent Yield This calculator will estimate the tax-equivalent yield (TEY) for a municipal bond. Income generated from municipal bond coupon payments are not subject to federal income tax. In addition, if the bond was issued in your state of residence, you can also avoid state income taxes. Use this calculator to determine the yield required by a fully taxable bond to earn the same after tax income as a municipal bond.
Yes.
because they do not earn the same amount of income
No, qualification for section 8 is different, and uses a different income threshold plus an asset test.
No they are different.
because they do not earn the same amount of income
do you really need someone google that for you??
Yes it is the same. Offset Yield strength = 0.2% Proof Stress
The answer depends on what is being compared: the income of the same consumer at different stages of their life or the income of a consumer compared with other consumer.