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Low octane gasoline ignites at a lower temperature/compression than higher octane gasoline causing it to (depending on circumstances) ignite before the spark happens. This "preignition" or "detonation" causes excessively high cylinder pressure in the combustion chambers and at piston-to-connecting-rod near TDC and typically produces a knock noise which.

The preignition or "spark knock" can also damage pistons, valves, connecting rods, and bearings. Repairs may require rebuild of the engine.

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Q: Why does low octane gas make an engine knock?
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